Nes I F, Diep D B, Håvarstein L S, Brurberg M B, Eijsink V, Holo H
Department of Biotechnological Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, ås, Norway.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996 Oct;70(2-4):113-28. doi: 10.1007/BF00395929.
A large number of new bacteriocins in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been characterized in recent years. Most of the new bacteriocins belong to the class II bacteriocins which are small (30-100 amino acids) heat- stable and commonly not post-translationally modified. While most bacteriocin producers synthesize only one bacteriocin, it has been shown that several LAB produce multiple bacteriocins (2-3 bacteriocins). Based on common features, some of the class II bacteriocins can be divided into separate groups such as the pediocin-like and strong anti-listeria bacteriocins, the two-peptide bacteriocins, and bacteriocins with a sec-dependent signal sequence. With the exception of the very few bacteriocins containing a sec-dependent signal sequence, class II bacteriocins are synthesized in a preform containing an N-terminal double-glycine leader. The double-glycine leader-containing bacteriocins are processed concomitant with externalization by a dedicated ABC-transporter which has been shown to possess an N-terminal proteolytic domain. The production of some class II bacteriocins (plantaricins of Lactobacillus plantarum C11 and sakacin P of Lactobacillus sake) have been shown to be transcriptionally regulated through a signal transduction system which consists of three components: an induction factor (IF), histidine protein kinase (HK) and a response regulator (RR). An identical regulatory system is probably regulating the transcription of the sakacin A and carnobacteriocin B2 operons. The regulation of bacteriocin production is unique, since the IF is a bacteriocin-like peptide with a double-glycine leader processed and externalized most probably by the dedicated ABC-transporter associated with the bacteriocin. However, IF is not constituting the bacteriocin activity of the bacterium, IF is only activating the transcription of the regulated class II bacteriocin gene(s). The present review discusses recent findings concerning biosynthesis, genetics, and regulation of class II bacteriocins.
近年来，大量新的乳酸菌（LAB）细菌素已得到鉴定。大多数新细菌素属于II类细菌素，它们体积小（30 - 100个氨基酸）、热稳定，通常不进行翻译后修饰。虽然大多数细菌素产生菌仅合成一种细菌素，但已有研究表明，一些乳酸菌可产生多种细菌素（2 - 3种细菌素）。基于共同特征，一些II类细菌素可分为不同的组，如类片球菌素样和强抗李斯特菌细菌素、双肽细菌素以及具有依赖sec信号序列的细菌素。除了极少数含有依赖sec信号序列的细菌素外，II类细菌素以含有N端双甘氨酸前导肽的前体形式合成。含双甘氨酸前导肽的细菌素在由一种已被证明具有N端蛋白水解结构域的专用ABC转运蛋白进行外部化的同时被加工。一些II类细菌素（植物乳杆菌C11的植物乳杆菌素和清酒乳杆菌的片球菌素P）的产生已被证明是通过一种信号转导系统进行转录调控的，该系统由三个组分组成：诱导因子（IF）、组氨酸蛋白激酶（HK）和反应调节因子（RR）。一个相同的调控系统可能在调控片球菌素A和肉杆菌素B2操纵子的转录。细菌素产生的调控是独特的，因为诱导因子是一种具有双甘氨酸前导肽的细菌素样肽，很可能由与细菌素相关的专用ABC转运蛋白加工并分泌到细胞外。然而，诱导因子并不构成该细菌的细菌素活性，它只是激活受调控的II类细菌素基因的转录。本综述讨论了有关II类细菌素生物合成、遗传学和调控的最新研究结果。
