Nucci L, Smetana J G
College of Education, University of Illinois at Chicago 60607, USA.
Child Dev. 1996 Aug;67(4):1870-86.
White suburban working- to upper-middle-class mothers (N = 40) of children ages 5 and 7 were interviewed regarding their concepts of children's areas of personal discretion, autonomy, and individuality. Mothers treated standardized moral, conventional, and prudential items as issues that mothers should control, while standardized personal items were treated as up to the child. In open-ended interviews, mothers reported setting limits around issues of safety, family conventions, and daily routines but permitted children to make decisions about food, recreational activities, clothes, and playmates. Mothers viewed mother-child conflict as occurring over these same issues and viewed children's choices as helping them to develop autonomy and competence. Mothers viewed their roles as educators and nurturers and valued the development of individuality in their children, which was thought to emerge in infancy or toddlerhood. Few age differences were observed, but gender differences were found in the ways mothers characterized boys' and girls' resistances to parental authority and in the content of mother-child disputes. Results were interpreted in terms of the emergence of the personal domain in children.
对40位居住在郊区、职业为白领到中上层阶级、孩子年龄在5到7岁之间的母亲进行了访谈，了解她们对孩子个人自主决定权、自主权和个性方面的观念。母亲们将标准化的道德、习俗和审慎方面的事项视为应由母亲控制的问题，而标准化的个人事项则由孩子自行决定。在开放式访谈中，母亲们表示会在安全、家庭习俗和日常惯例等问题上设定限制，但允许孩子在食物、娱乐活动、衣服和玩伴等方面做出决定。母亲们认为母子冲突也发生在这些相同的问题上，并认为孩子的选择有助于他们培养自主性和能力。母亲们将自己的角色视为教育者和养育者，并重视孩子个性的发展，她们认为个性在婴儿期或幼儿期就已显现。未观察到明显的年龄差异，但在母亲描述男孩和女孩对父母权威的反抗方式以及母子争端的内容方面发现了性别差异。研究结果根据儿童个人领域的出现进行了解释。
