Richards-Kortum R, Sevick-Muraca E
Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Texas at Austin 78712, USA.
Annu Rev Phys Chem. 1996;47:555-606. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.47.1.555.
The interaction of light within tissue has been used to recognize disease since the mid-1800s. The recent developments of small light sources, detectors, and fiber optic probes provide opportunities to quantitatively measure these interactions, which yield information for diagnosis at the biochemical, structural, or (patho)physiological level within intact tissues. However, because of the strong scattering properties of tissues, the reemitted optical signal is often influenced by changes in biochemistry (as detected by these spectroscopic approaches) and by physiological and pathophysiological changes in tissue scattering. One challenge of biomedical optics is to uncouple the signals influenced by biochemistry, which themselves provide specificity for identifying diseased states, from those influenced by tissue scattering, which are typically unspecific to a pathology. In this review, we describe optical interactions pursued for biomedical applications (fluorescence, fluorescence lifetime, phosphorescence, and Raman from cells, cultures, and tissues) and then provide a descriptive framework for light interaction based upon tissue absorption and scattering properties. Finally, we review important endogenous and exogenous biological chromophores and describe current work to employ these signals for detection and diagnosis of disease.
自19世纪中叶以来，光在组织内的相互作用就被用于疾病识别。小型光源、探测器和光纤探头的最新发展为定量测量这些相互作用提供了机会，这些相互作用能在完整组织内的生化、结构或（病理）生理水平上产生诊断信息。然而，由于组织具有很强的散射特性，重新发射的光信号常常受到生物化学变化（通过这些光谱方法检测）以及组织散射的生理和病理生理变化的影响。生物医学光学面临的一个挑战是，将受生物化学影响的信号（这些信号本身为识别疾病状态提供特异性）与受组织散射影响的信号区分开来，后者通常对某种病理状态不具有特异性。在这篇综述中，我们描述了用于生物医学应用的光学相互作用（来自细胞、培养物和组织的荧光、荧光寿命、磷光和拉曼光谱），然后基于组织吸收和散射特性提供了一个光相互作用的描述框架。最后，我们综述了重要的内源性和外源性生物发色团，并描述了目前利用这些信号进行疾病检测和诊断的工作。
