Lemly A D
United States Forest Service, Coldwater Fisheries Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg 24061-0321, USA.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 1996 Oct;35(1):41-56. doi: 10.1006/eesa.1996.0080.
This paper presents an ecosystem-based approach to risk assessment in freshwater wetlands. The key concept in this approach is that the primary biotic and abiotic components that determine the structural and functional characteristics of wetlands are inseparable. Each component should be identified and its contribution to ecosystem functions or human values determined when deciding whether a stressor poses an unreasonable risk to the sustainability of a particular wetland. Understanding the major external and internal factors that regulate the operational conditions of wetlands is critical to risk characterization. Determining the linkages between these factors, and how they influence the way stressors affect wetlands, is the basis for an ecosystem approach. Adequate consideration of wetland ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, and soils can greatly reduce the level of uncertainty associated with risk assessment and lead to more effective risk management. In order to formulate effective solutions, wetland problems must be considered at watershed, landscape, and ecosystem scales.
本文提出了一种基于生态系统的淡水湿地风险评估方法。该方法的关键概念是，决定湿地结构和功能特征的主要生物和非生物成分是不可分割的。在确定某一压力源是否对特定湿地的可持续性构成不合理风险时，应识别每个成分并确定其对生态系统功能或人类价值的贡献。了解调节湿地运行条件的主要外部和内部因素对于风险特征描述至关重要。确定这些因素之间的联系以及它们如何影响压力源对湿地的影响方式，是生态系统方法的基础。充分考虑湿地生态学、水文学、地貌学和土壤学，可大大降低与风险评估相关的不确定性水平，并实现更有效的风险管理。为了制定有效的解决方案，必须在流域、景观和生态系统尺度上考虑湿地问题。
