Fox P W, Hershberger S L, Bouchard T J
Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
Nature. 1996 Nov 28;384(6607):356-8. doi: 10.1038/384356a0.
Practice, with feedback, is a fundamental variable that influences the aquisition of motor skills: with it, everyone improves, but some improve more than others. This simple fact has led to frequent debate over the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on motor learning. In principle these factors could influence subjects' initial level of proficiency, their rate of improvement or their final level of attainment. The problem has been investigated using the rotary pursuit (RP) task, in which subjects learn to track a rotating target with a stylus; this is a factorially pure task which is relatively unaffected by cognitive or verbal factors. Earlier studies of twins reared together indicated that heredity was the primary factor responsible for individual differences in motor skill. Here we have studied learning in a sample of monozygotic (MZA) and dizygotic (DZA) twins who had been reared apart. Heritability of performance was high even in the initial phase, and increased with practice. The rate of learning was also significantly heritable. We propose that the effect of practice is to decrease the effect of environmental variation (previous learning) and increase the relative strength of genetic influences on motor performance.
有了它，每个人都会进步，但有些人进步得比其他人更多。这一简单事实引发了关于遗传和环境对运动学习影响的相对重要性的频繁争论。原则上，这些因素可能会影响受试者的初始熟练程度、进步速度或最终达到的水平。人们使用旋转追踪（RP）任务对这个问题进行了研究，在该任务中，受试者要学会用一支笔追踪一个旋转的目标；这是一个相对不受认知或语言因素影响的因素纯净的任务。早期对一起抚养的双胞胎的研究表明，遗传是导致运动技能个体差异的主要因素。在这里，我们研究了在分开抚养的同卵（MZA）和异卵（DZA）双胞胎样本中的学习情况。即使在初始阶段，表现的遗传度也很高，并且随着练习而增加。学习速度也具有显著的遗传性。我们提出，练习的作用是减少环境变异（先前的学习）的影响，并增加遗传因素对运动表现的相对强度。
