Guglielmino C R, Béres J
Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universitá di Pavia, Italy.
Hum Biol. 1996 Jun;68(3):335-55.
The present analysis continues the study of 12 samples of 11 Hungarian ethnic groups and a collection of data from 8 foreign reference populations. The origin of these groups is entangled with the history of Hungary and specifically with the conquest of the Carpathian basin in the ninth century A.D. Given that each of the 11 groups has preserved its ethnic identity and assuming that genetic drift has played a major role, we expect that similarities and differences between the different Hungarian groups and between the Hungarian groups and the eight reference populations can be interpreted with respect to the controversial origin of the groups. The reference populations are those whose ancestors had high involvement in Hungarian history. We use multivariate statistical methods to analyze the gene frequencies of 22 loci. The results show that the Hungarian ethnic groups are genetically separate and that this separation is related to different migration waves. According to our results, Gypsies and Jews, who migrated relatively recently to Hungary, are distant from the other groups and, as predicted, appear to be genetically close to the North Indian and Ashkenazi reference populations, respectively. The Oriental population is least related to the Hungarian groups, but the distance diminishes when the P1 locus, which shows particularly high variability, is included. Some ethnic groups, especially Orség and Csángó, show genetic isolation and specific affinities with the reference populations that are related to their origin, namely, Slavs and Finns-Turks-Iranians, respectively. Other affinities were less striking than tradition would lead us to expect. Gene flow and admixture, as revealed by the significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances, may have played an important role in smoothing genetic differences between groups.
本分析延续了对11个匈牙利族群的12个样本以及8个外国参照人群数据集合的研究。这些族群的起源与匈牙利的历史交织在一起，特别是与公元9世纪喀尔巴阡盆地的征服相关。鉴于11个族群中的每一个都保留了其族群身份，并且假设基因漂变起了主要作用，我们预期不同匈牙利族群之间以及匈牙利族群与八个参照人群之间的异同可以根据这些族群有争议的起源来解释。参照人群是那些其祖先深度参与匈牙利历史的人群。我们使用多元统计方法来分析22个基因座的基因频率。结果表明匈牙利族群在基因上是分开的，并且这种分离与不同的移民潮有关。根据我们的结果，相对近期迁移到匈牙利的吉普赛人和犹太人与其他族群距离较远，并且正如所预测的，分别在基因上似乎与北印度和德系犹太人参照人群接近。东方人群与匈牙利族群的关系最小，但当纳入显示出特别高变异性的P1基因座时，这种距离减小了。一些族群，特别是奥赛格人和克山戈人，表现出基因隔离以及与参照人群的特定亲缘关系，这与他们的起源相关，即分别与斯拉夫人和芬兰 - 突厥 - 伊朗人有关。其他亲缘关系不如传统引导我们预期的那么显著。基因流动和混合，正如基因与地理距离之间的显著相关性所揭示的，可能在平滑族群间的基因差异方面发挥了重要作用。
