Eisenberger R, Cameron J
Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark 19716, USA.
Am Psychol. 1996 Nov;51(11):1153-66. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.51.11.1153.
Based on seemingly overwhelming empirical evidence of the decremental effects of reward on intrinsic task interest and creativity, the use of reward to alter human behavior has been challenged in literature reviews, textbooks, and the popular media. An analysis of a quarter century of research on intrinsic task interest and creativity revealed, however, that (a) detrimental effects of reward occur under highly restricted, easily avoidable conditions; (b) mechanisms of instrumental and classical conditioning are basic for understanding incremental and decremental effects of reward on task motivation; and (c) positive effects of reward on generalized creativity are easily attainable using procedures derived from behavior theory.
基于奖励对内在任务兴趣和创造力的递减效应有看似压倒性的实证证据，在文献综述、教科书以及大众媒体中，采用奖励来改变人类行为受到了挑战。然而，对关于内在任务兴趣和创造力的四分之一个世纪的研究分析表明：（a）奖励的有害效应出现在高度受限、易于避免的条件下；（b）工具性条件作用和经典条件作用机制是理解奖励对任务动机的递增和递减效应的基础；（c）使用源自行为理论的程序，奖励对广义创造力的积极效应很容易实现。
