Calibration of Pd-porphyrin phosphorescence for oxygen concentration measurements in vivo.

Quantitative measurement of oxygen concentrations in the microvasculature is of prime importance in issues related to oxygen transport to tissue. The introduction of the quenching of the Pd-porphyrin phosphorescence as oxygen sensor in vivo by Wilson et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 580-589, 1993) has provided in this context a major advance in this area of research. For in vivo application, the dye is coupled to albumin to restrict the dye to the circulation and to measure oxygen in the physiological range. In this study a phosphorimeter with a gated photomultiplier is presented and validated. Furthermore, a nonlinear-fit method using the Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm is used to calculate the decay time. With this new phosphorimeter, calibration measurements were performed to investigate the effects of pH, temperature, and diffusivity. The results present a preparation method for albumin coupling of the dye that eliminates the pH dependency of the quenching kinetics. Furthermore, the decreased oxygen diffusivity of serum was compared with that of water, and it was shown that calibration constants measured in water can be extrapolated to serum.