Piñeiro M, Dawson R, Costarrica M L
Mycotoxin Department, Technological Laboratory of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay.
Nat Toxins. 1996;4(5):242-5. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)(1996)4:5<242::AID-NT7>3.0.CO;2-A.
A pilot study for monitoring mycotoxin contamination in food and feeds was implemented by the Technological Laboratory of Uruguay (LATU) with the technical assistance of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The scope of the study was to determine the potential hazard posed by priority food-contaminant and feed-contaminant combinations. The choice of foods and contaminants to be monitored was based on the importance of the food in the total diet, the economic importance of the product and the potential health risk posed by the specific combination. The principal commodities selected were wheat, barley and rice. Also included were com, soy, dairy products, feeds, dried fruits and legumes, oil seeds, cocoa beans and organ meats. Mycotoxins analyzed (TLC/densitometry) were aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol (DON) and ergot alkaloids. The survey results (1993-95) showed differences in both incidence and levels of mycotoxin content for the principal commodities. Of all food/feed categories analyzed, feed had the highest values for all mycotoxins. Samples containing DON in levels above 1000 ng/g were found in all groups. Ochratoxin A was not detected in any of the samples. Rice and soy beans were the categories with lowest aflatoxin incidence. Uruguayan regulatory limits for all toxins analyzed were exceeded for wheat, barley and rice in less than 3, 9 and 7% of samples, respectively. The data on actual mycotoxin levels in different foods will help identify sources of contaminations and areas where control measures should be improved, enable better risk assessment by proper estimation of mycotoxin intake, assist in the establishment of tolerances and adequate guidelines, aid in the implementation of a national program and provide economic benefits by improving grain quality.
乌拉圭技术实验室（LATU）在联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的技术援助下，开展了一项监测食品和饲料中霉菌毒素污染的试点研究。该研究的范围是确定优先食品污染物和饲料污染物组合所构成的潜在危害。监测食品和污染物的选择基于该食品在总体饮食中的重要性、产品的经济重要性以及特定组合所带来的潜在健康风险。选定的主要商品有小麦、大麦和大米。还包括玉米、大豆、乳制品、饲料、干果和豆类、油籽、可可豆及动物内脏。采用薄层色谱法/光密度测定法分析的霉菌毒素有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）和麦角生物碱。调查结果（1993 - 1995年）显示，主要商品在霉菌毒素含量的发生率和水平上均存在差异。在所有分析的食品/饲料类别中，饲料的所有霉菌毒素含量最高。所有组中均发现了DON含量高于1000 ng/g的样本。任何样本中均未检测到赭曲霉毒素A。大米和大豆的黄曲霉毒素发生率最低。小麦、大麦和大米中分别有不到3%、9%和7%的样本超过了乌拉圭对所有分析毒素的监管限值。不同食品中实际霉菌毒素水平的数据将有助于确定污染源和应改进控制措施的领域，通过适当估算霉菌毒素摄入量实现更好的风险评估，协助制定耐受性标准和适当的指导方针，有助于实施国家计划，并通过提高谷物质量带来经济效益。
