BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
Toxins (Basel). 2012 Oct;4(10):788-809. doi: 10.3390/toxins4100788. Epub 2012 Oct 1.
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi especially those belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Penicillum and Fusarium. Mycotoxin contamination can occur in all agricultural commodities in the field and/or during storage, if conditions are favourable to fungal growth. Regarding animal feed, five mycotoxins (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A) are covered by EU legislation (regulation or recommendation). Transgressions of these limits are rarely observed in official monitoring programs. However, low level contamination by Fusarium toxins is very common (e.g., deoxynivalenol (DON) is typically found in more than 50% of the samples) and co-contamination is frequently observed. Multi-mycotoxin studies reported 75%-100% of the samples to contain more than one mycotoxin which could impact animal health at already low doses. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins is likely to arise for at least three different reasons (i) most fungi are able to simultaneously produce a number of mycotoxins, (ii) commodities can be contaminated by several fungi, and (iii) completed feed is made from various commodities. In the present paper, we reviewed the data published since 2004 concerning the contamination of animal feed with single or combinations of mycotoxins and highlighted the occurrence of these co-contaminations.
真菌,尤其是曲霉属(Aspergillus)、青霉属(Penicillium)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌,会产生真菌毒素这种次级代谢产物。如果有利于真菌生长的条件存在,真菌毒素污染可能发生在所有农业商品的田间和/或储存过程中。就动物饲料而言,欧盟法规(法规或建议)涵盖了五种真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马菌素和赭曲霉毒素 A)。在官方监测计划中很少观察到这些限量的违规行为。然而,镰刀菌毒素的低水平污染非常普遍(例如,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)通常存在于超过 50%的样本中),并且经常观察到共同污染。多真菌毒素研究报告称,75%-100%的样本中含有一种以上的真菌毒素,这些真菌毒素即使在低剂量下也可能影响动物健康。真菌毒素的共同出现可能至少有三个原因:(i)大多数真菌能够同时产生多种真菌毒素,(ii)商品可能被多种真菌污染,以及(iii)配合饲料由多种商品制成。在本文中,我们回顾了自 2004 年以来发表的关于动物饲料中单一或组合真菌毒素污染的数据,并强调了这些共同污染的发生情况。