Vethaak A D, Jol J G, Meijboom A, Eggens M L, Rheinallt T, Wester P W, van de Zande T, Bergman A, Dankers N, Ariese F, Baan R A, Everts J M, Opperhuizen A, Marquenie J M
Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, The Netherlands.
Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Nov;104(11):1218-29. doi: 10.1289/ehp.961041218.
Disease development in flounder (Platichthys flesus) was studied over a period of 3 years in three large mesocosms (40 m x 40 m x 3 m). Two of the mesocosms contained clean sand and the third, sharing a common water circulation with one of the clean-sand mesocosms, was stocked with contaminated dredged spoil. In this way, one of the clean-sand mesocosms was indirectly polluted via the water phase, and analysis of contaminant concentrations in sediments and flounder tissues showed that it had a status intermediate between the other two. Random samples of the flounder populations from the indirectly polluted and reference mesocosms were examined every 2 months for epidermal diseases (lymphocystis, skin ulcers, fin rot) and then released. In addition, every 6 months, random samples of fish from all three mesocosms were sacrificed for histological and chemical investigation. With regard to the development of epidermal disease, the results showed little difference between the reference mesocosm and the indirectly polluted mesocosm, with the exception that lymphocystis was significantly elevated in the indirectly polluted mesocosm. Although pollution may be a risk factor in the etiology of this disease, such a relationship would probably be obscured under field conditions due to variation arising from other factors. Histopathological analysis of the livers revealed in total four cases of hepatocellular adenoma (1.5% of sampled population) in fish from the polluted mesocosms, the first occurring after 2.5 years of exposure in fish from the indirectly polluted mesocosm. Furthermore, several other liver lesions, including foci of cellular alteration and hydropic vacuolated lesions, developed during the course of the experiment before tumor formation was apparent. Prevalences of these conditions were very much lower in the reference mesocosm than in the two polluted mesocosms. Densities of melanomacrophage centers in the liver showed a similar trend. The findings clearly indicate that long-term exposure to chemically contaminated dredged spoil can induce liver neoplasia and other liver lesions in flounder at contaminant levels comparable to those found in the natural environment.
在三个大型中宇宙（40米×40米×3米）中，对欧洲比目鱼（Platichthys flesus）的疾病发展情况进行了为期3年的研究。其中两个中宇宙装有干净的沙子，第三个中宇宙装有受污染的疏浚弃土，它与其中一个装有干净沙子的中宇宙共用一个水循环系统。通过这种方式，其中一个装有干净沙子的中宇宙通过水相受到间接污染，沉积物和比目鱼组织中污染物浓度的分析表明，其污染状况介于另外两个中宇宙之间。每隔2个月，对间接污染中宇宙和对照中宇宙中的比目鱼种群进行随机抽样，检查是否患有表皮疾病（淋巴囊肿、皮肤溃疡、鳍腐病），然后放归。此外，每隔6个月，对来自所有三个中宇宙的鱼进行随机抽样并处死，进行组织学和化学研究。关于表皮疾病的发展，结果显示对照中宇宙和间接污染中宇宙之间差异不大，只是间接污染中宇宙中的淋巴囊肿明显增多。虽然污染可能是这种疾病病因中的一个风险因素，但在野外条件下，由于其他因素引起的变化，这种关系可能会被掩盖。对肝脏的组织病理学分析显示，在受污染中宇宙的鱼中，总共发现了4例肝细胞腺瘤（占抽样种群的1.5%），第一例出现在间接污染中宇宙的鱼接触2.5年后。此外，在实验过程中，在肿瘤形成明显之前，还出现了其他几种肝脏病变，包括细胞改变灶和水样空泡病变。这些情况在对照中宇宙中的发生率远低于两个受污染的中宇宙。肝脏中黑色素巨噬细胞中心的密度也呈现出类似趋势。这些发现清楚地表明，长期接触化学污染的疏浚弃土会在比目鱼中诱发肝脏肿瘤和其他肝脏病变，其污染物水平与自然环境中发现的相当。
