Hydrogels with enhanced mass transfer for transdermal drug delivery.

The sonophoretic transport rates of monomeric insulin and vasopressin across human skin in vitro in the presence of a 20 kHz ultrasound field are shown to differ substantially depending on whether molecules enter the skin from a saline solution or from a viscous ultrasonic coupling medium (specifically, a methyl cellulose hydrogel or viscous sol). Theoretically, the reduction in sonophoretic transport caused by the hydrogels can be explained by boundary layers that form within the hydrogel owing to the relatively rapid rate of molecular transport across the (ultrasonically) permeated stratum corneum as well as poor diffusive mass transfer between the skin and gel. The results of in vitro experiments performed with an ac current accompanying the ultrasound show that the mass-transfer barrier posed by the hydrogel can be eliminated for both vasopressin and insulin by suppressing the diffusive boundary layers, indicating that relatively high rates of sonophoretic molecular transport across human skin are achievable when hydrogels are used as the ultrasound coupling medium as long as method is used to induce molecular mixing within the gel.