Glendon A I, Dorn L, Davies D R, Matthews G, Taylor R G
Human Factors Research Group, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Risk Anal. 1996 Dec;16(6):755-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1996.tb00826.x.
Road traffic accident involvement rates show clear age and gender differences which may in part be accounted for by differences in risk perception and perceptions of driving competence. The present study extends and replicates that of Matthews and Moran (1986). Young (18-30 years) and older (45-60 years) male and female drivers responded to a questionnaire on perceived accident risk and driving competence (judgment and skill) with respect to themselves and four target groups, and also rated a series of videotaped driving sequences with respect to likelihood of accident occurrence and perceived driving competence. Results showed that effects of rater characteristics were generally confined to the questionnaire. Younger males were perceived as most likely to experience an accident and were judged to be lower than other groups in driving competence. Younger groups showed little bias against older groups and vice versa, but gender-related bias was apparent. The findings of Matthews and Moran were generally confirmed. The results are discussed with reference to four main issues: (1) demographic bias effects--which are generally weak; (2) stereotyping on the basis of gender and/or age of driver; (3) group-specific bias; (4) self-appraisal bias.
道路交通事故参与率呈现出明显的年龄和性别差异，这在一定程度上可能是由于风险认知和驾驶能力认知的差异所致。本研究扩展并重复了马修斯和莫兰（1986年）的研究。年轻（18至30岁）和年长（45至60岁）的男性和女性驾驶员回答了一份关于他们自身以及四个目标群体的事故风险感知和驾驶能力（判断力和技能）的问卷，并且还对一系列驾驶视频片段的事故发生可能性和感知到的驾驶能力进行了评分。结果表明，评分者特征的影响通常仅限于问卷方面。年轻男性被认为最有可能遭遇事故，并且在驾驶能力方面被判定低于其他群体。较年轻的群体对较年长的群体几乎没有偏见，反之亦然，但与性别相关的偏见是明显的。马修斯和莫兰的研究结果总体上得到了证实。将围绕四个主要问题对结果进行讨论：（1）人口统计学偏见效应——通常较弱；（2）基于驾驶员性别和/或年龄的刻板印象；（3）特定群体偏见；（4）自我评估偏见。
