More K G, Franks I M
School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
J Sports Sci. 1996 Dec;14(6):523-43. doi: 10.1080/02640419608727739.
This study tested a computer-aided coaching analysis instrument (CAI) as part of an intervention strategy designed to modify verbal coaching behaviour. Four coaches were observed and analysed over 12 practice sessions. Coaches A, B and C received intervention feedback through CAI data, where selected behaviours were highlighted for discussion, and videotape images were used to illustrate discussion points. Coach D was provided with videotapes of his own performance and told to formulate and implement any of his own recommendations. The CAI data are primarily quantitative, so target values were created for the different dimensions of verbal behaviour. This benefited the coaches in interpreting their effectiveness and provided a reference to evaluate the magnitude of change. Written journals and audiotape recordings were also used to promote insight into the complexity of verbal behaviour and the "human factors' (e.g. relationship with players, attitude to researcher) that affect behaviour modification. Instructional effectiveness was assessed by time-series analysis. There was evidence from each behaviour dimension that change can occur and be maintained as a result of exposure to the CAI intervention strategy. However, this is clearly contingent upon the coach understanding what is asked of him or her, and remains focused and committed to changing these particular behaviours. The analysis of Coach D's behavioural change suggests there are limitations to the sensitivity of discretionary viewing, as only two dimensions of behaviour were identified for, and resulted in, positive change. The results of this study provide support for Locke's (1984) contention that behaviour modification can occur by using data as direct feedback, as reinforcement and as information in the form of recommendations. However, the study also illuminates several factors that can negate the modification and maintenance of verbal coaching behaviour.
本研究测试了一种计算机辅助指导分析工具（CAI），作为旨在改变言语指导行为的干预策略的一部分。在12次练习课中观察并分析了4名教练。教练A、B和C通过CAI数据获得干预反馈，其中选定的行为被突出显示以供讨论，录像图像用于说明讨论要点。教练D收到了自己表现的录像带，并被告知制定并实施他自己的任何建议。CAI数据主要是定量的，因此为言语行为的不同维度创建了目标值。这有助于教练解释自己的有效性，并为评估变化的幅度提供参考。书面日志和录音也被用来促进对言语行为复杂性以及影响行为改变的“人为因素”（例如与球员的关系、对研究人员的态度）的洞察。通过时间序列分析评估教学效果。每个行为维度都有证据表明，由于接触CAI干预策略，变化可以发生并得以维持。然而，这显然取决于教练理解对他或她的要求，并始终专注于并致力于改变这些特定行为。对教练D行为变化的分析表明，自主观看的敏感性存在局限性，因为仅确定了两个行为维度并导致了积极变化。本研究结果支持洛克（1984）的观点，即通过将数据用作直接反馈、强化物和建议形式的信息，可以发生行为改变。然而，该研究也揭示了几个可能否定言语指导行为改变和维持的因素。
