The intestinal uptake of particles and the implications for drug and antigen delivery.

A number of researchers from different scientific disciplines have independently described the uptake of a variety of particulates across the gastrointestinal tract in animal models. The reports of particle uptake are briefly reviewed and the alternative mechanisms and proposed sites of uptake are discussed. Following these observations, some researchers have exploited the phenomenon of particulate uptake by using microparticles and nanoparticles as oral delivery systems for active agents, such as drugs and vaccines. The potential use of particulate carrier systems as drug and vaccine delivery systems is also briefly discussed.