Optimum treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis.

Streptococcal pharyngitis is a common infection in children and adolescents. The great majority of these infections are caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Although the use of penicillins for group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis has reduced the incidence of rheumatic fever, in the past decade several studies of pharyngitis treatment have reported penicillin failure. It has also been suggested that in comparison with the penicillins the cephalosporins are associated with a lower rate of clinical failure. Cephalosporins have drawbacks in cost, administration frequency or adverse effect profile. Moreover, there is the theoretical risk of cross-antigenicity to cephalosporins in penicillin-allergic patients. Erythromycin is a traditional alternative to penicillins, especially in penicillin-allergic patients, for the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis. However, increased resistance as well as failure rates as high as 24.7% have been reported for erythromycin in the treatment of pharyngitis. Therefore oral penicillins, and alternatively oral cephalosporins, should be considered first-line agents for the treatment of culture-confirmed group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Cephalosporins are useful especially for the treatment of recurrent streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis.