Accelerated evolution of sites undergoing mRNA editing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts.

The selective constraints influencing mRNA editing in plant organelles are largely unknown. To investigate these, we compared patterns of editing between monocot and dicot mitochondrial mRNA. On average, 24% of sites that are edited form C to U in one species have been substituted during evolution by a genomic T in the other: this is four times the rate of evolution seen at nonedited synonymously variable C residues. A similar, but weaker trend (not statistically significant) is seen at sites edited in chloroplast mRNA. The elevated substitution rate does not appear to be a consequence of a higher mutability of the trinucleotide motif (T-C-purine) associated with editing. nor to be a result of reverse transcription from mature mRNA. Selection to replace the genomic C with a T may account for the accelerated evolution, either due to elimination of inefficient transcripts and protein products or as a consequence of the prior loss of components outside the edit site which are necessary for editing; the latter hypothesis is supported by the frequent loss of editing without genomic mutation at third codon positions. Whatever the cause, the rapid rate of evolution indicates that editing confers little selective advantage at most sites.