Johnson R W
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
J Anim Sci. 1997 May;75(5):1244-55. doi: 10.2527/1997.7551244x.
In response to antigenic stimuli, a variety of cells, including activated macrophages, secrete cytokines that are responsible for altering the host's metabolism. Three of these cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin-1 [IL-1], and interleukin-6 [IL-6]) have profound behavioral, neuroendocrine, and metabolic effects. There is evidence that cytokines and their cognate receptors are present in the neuroendocrine system and brain. Moreover, in laboratory animal species, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha have been found to modulate intermediary metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein substrates, regulate hypothalamic-pituitary outflow, and act in the brain to reduce food intake. Finally, many of the systemic acute-phase responses to inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide are inhibited by treatment with cytokine receptor antagonists. In short, many findings converge to suggest that a major component of the growth inhibition observed in immunologically challenged animals is mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. The goal of this article is to provide an integrated view of how cytokines act systemically on disparate tissues to alter growth.
作为对抗抗原刺激的反应，包括活化巨噬细胞在内的多种细胞会分泌细胞因子，这些细胞因子负责改变宿主的新陈代谢。其中三种细胞因子（肿瘤坏死因子α [TNF-α]、白细胞介素-1 [IL-1] 和白细胞介素-6 [IL-6]）具有深远的行为、神经内分泌和代谢效应。有证据表明细胞因子及其同源受体存在于神经内分泌系统和大脑中。此外，在实验动物物种中，已发现IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α可调节碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质底物的中间代谢，调节下丘脑-垂体输出，并在大脑中发挥作用以减少食物摄入。最后，许多针对炎症刺激（如脂多糖）的全身急性期反应可通过细胞因子受体拮抗剂治疗来抑制。简而言之，许多研究结果都表明，在免疫应激动物中观察到的生长抑制的一个主要成分是由促炎细胞因子介导的。本文的目的是提供一个关于细胞因子如何在全身作用于不同组织以改变生长的综合观点。
