Kleinknecht R A, Dinnel D L, Kleinknecht E E, Hiruma N, Harada N
Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham 98225-9089, USA.
J Anxiety Disord. 1997 Mar-Apr;11(2):157-77. doi: 10.1016/s0887-6185(97)00004-2.
The present study examined two forms of culturally-defined social anxiety: social anxiety or phobia, as defined by DSM-IV; (i.e., a concern of public scrutiny or embarrassment) and Taijin Kyofusho (TKS), a Japanese form of social anxiety centered around concern for offending others with inappropriate behavior or offensive appearance. These versions of social anxiety are also examined in relation to culturally-determined self definition as independent and interdependent. One hundred eighty-one U.S. students and 161 students enrolled in Japanese universities were administered scales to assess social anxiety and phobia and TKS symptoms and behaviors, as well as construal of self as independent or interdependent. Factor analyses of the three scales used to assess social anxiety yielded three factors, each clearly corresponding to the respective scales and defining TKS and DSM-defined social anxiety. A case analysis indicated that there was an approximate 50% co-occurrence between high scorers on the TKS and social phobia scales. Multiple regression analyses resulted in a different set of predictors of TKS and SPS for the U.S. and Japanese respondents. Results were interpreted as suggesting that cultural variables can mediate the expression of social anxiety but that both forms of social anxiety can be found in each sample.
《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第四版（DSM-IV）所定义的社交焦虑或恐惧症（即担心受到公众审视或感到尴尬），以及恐人症（TKS），一种以担心因不当行为或冒犯性外表而冒犯他人为核心的日本式社交焦虑。这些社交焦虑形式还与文化决定的独立和相互依存的自我定义相关联进行了考察。对181名美国学生和161名就读于日本大学的学生进行了量表测试，以评估社交焦虑和恐惧症以及TKS症状和行为，以及将自我理解为独立或相互依存的程度。对用于评估社交焦虑的三个量表进行因素分析，得出三个因素，每个因素都与各自的量表明显对应，并定义了TKS和DSM定义的社交焦虑。案例分析表明，TKS量表和社交恐惧症量表得分高的人之间大约有50%的共现率。多元回归分析得出了美国和日本受访者中TKS和社交恐惧症的不同预测因素集。结果被解释为表明文化变量可以调节社交焦虑的表达，但两种形式的社交焦虑在每个样本中都能找到。
