Cramer P
Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA.
J Pers. 1997 Jun;65(2):233-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00954.x.
Using a cohort-longitudinal design, children's use of the defenses of denial, projection, and identification was assessed at four points over a 2-year time span, covering the age period from 6 years, 6 months to 9 years, 5 months. The results showed a clear decrease in the use of denial from early to middle childhood, a sharp increase in the use of projection, and an increase in the use of identification. These findings, predicted by a theory of defense mechanism development, are consistent with cross-sectional results reported previously.
采用队列纵向设计，在两年时间跨度内的四个时间点评估了儿童否认、投射和认同防御机制的使用情况，涵盖了6岁6个月至9岁5个月的年龄段。结果显示，从幼儿期到童年中期，否认机制的使用明显减少，投射机制的使用急剧增加，认同机制的使用也有所增加。这些由防御机制发展理论预测的结果与先前报道的横断面研究结果一致。
