Wilkinson L
Wellcome Institute, London, UK.
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Sir Austin Bradford Hill (1897-1991), son of a prominent medical physiologist, was destined for the study of medicine when World War I intervened. He chase to enlist as a pilot in the Royal Navy Air Service. Having contracted tuberculosis on his way to the Dardanelles, Hill was 'sent home to die'. In spite of the odds he recovered; but with no chance of working in physically taxing fields such as medicine or science. Advised and encouraged by Major Greenwood, he carved out for himself a career in medical statistics, first at the Medical Research Council and subsequently at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where his inspired teaching helped to shape the development of medical research in the second half of the twentieth century. He is particularly remembered for the way he made medical statistics an essential part of modern epidemiology, a new phase in an epidemiology concerned with chronic as well as with infectious diseases. At the same time, he introduced randomization where therapies-beginning with streptomycin in tuberculosis-could be evaluated in large-scale clinical trials. Perhaps his best known achievement is his design of the smoking and lung cancer trials, carried out with Richard Doll who later extended-and still extends-the trials which so convincingly have linked addiction to tobacco to patients' later problems with cancers and with coronary heart disease.
奥斯汀·布拉德福德·希尔爵士（1897 - 1991），是一位杰出医学生理学家之子，原本注定要学医，但第一次世界大战打断了他的学业。他选择加入皇家海军航空服务队成为一名飞行员。在前往达达尼尔海峡的途中感染了肺结核，希尔被“送回家等死”。尽管困难重重，他还是康复了；但已没有机会从事医学或科学等体力要求高的领域的工作。在格林伍德少校的建议和鼓励下，他开创了医学统计学领域的职业生涯，先是在医学研究委员会，后来在伦敦卫生与热带医学院，在那里他富有启发性的教学推动了20世纪下半叶医学研究的发展。他尤其因将医学统计学变成现代流行病学的重要组成部分而被人们铭记，这是流行病学发展的一个新阶段，该阶段的流行病学既关注慢性病也关注传染病。与此同时，他引入了随机化方法，用于在大规模临床试验中评估从治疗肺结核的链霉素开始的各种疗法。也许他最著名的成就是他与理查德·多尔共同设计的吸烟与肺癌试验，多尔后来扩展了——并且仍在扩展——这些试验，这些试验令人信服地将烟草成瘾与患者后来患癌症和冠心病的问题联系了起来。
