Sampson R J, Raudenbush S W, Earls F
Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):918-24. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5328.918.
It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.
有一种假设认为，集体效能（定义为邻里之间的社会凝聚力以及他们为了共同利益进行干预的意愿）与暴力行为的减少有关。该假设在1995年对伊利诺伊州芝加哥市343个社区的8782名居民进行的一项调查中得到了验证。多层次分析表明，在控制了个体层面的特征、测量误差和先前的暴力行为后，集体效能的一项指标具有较高的社区间信度，并且与暴力行为的变化呈负相关。集中性劣势和居住不稳定性与暴力行为之间的关联在很大程度上是由集体效能介导的。
