Samel A, Wegmann H M, Vejvoda M, Drescher J, Gundel A, Manzey D, Wenzel J
DLR-Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Linder Höhe, Köln Germany.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1997 Aug;68(8):679-87.
As part of a research program concerning legal aspects of two-pilot operations on long-haul routes, the purpose of the study was to investigate two-crew extended range operations during a flight roster with two consecutive night flights and a short layover.
Present flight time regulations may not be adequate for two-crew minimum operations.
The study was conducted in cooperation with a German airline company on the route Frankfurt (FRA)-Mahe (SEZ). There were 11 rotations (22 flights) that were investigated by pre-, in- and post-flight data collection each time from the two pilots. Recordings included sleep, taskload, fatigue and stress by measurement of EEG, ECG, motor activity, and subjective ratings. The average actual flight times were 9:15 h (FRA-SEZ) and 9:53 h (SEZ-FRA). All flights took place at night. The layover duration in Mahe was 13:30 h during day-time.
During layover, sleep was shortened by 2 h on average compared with 8-h baseline sleep. The two consecutive night duties resulted in a sleep loss of 9.3 h upon return to home base. Inflight ratings of taskload showed moderate grades, but for fatigue ratings an increasing level was observed. Fatigue was more pronounced during the return flight and several pilots scored their fatigue at a critical level. Motor activity, brainwave activity (occurrences of micro-events) and heart rate indicated drowsiness and a low state of vigilance and alertness during both night flights, but these effects were more pronounced during the second flight.
From the findings it is concluded that a duty roster, as conducted in this study, may impose excessive demands on mental and physiological capacity.
作为一项关于长途航线双飞行员操作法律方面研究项目的一部分，本研究的目的是调查在包含两个连续夜间航班和短暂停留的飞行排班期间的双机组延长航程操作。
现行飞行时间规定可能不足以满足双机组最低操作要求。
本研究与一家德国航空公司合作，在法兰克福（FRA）-马埃岛（SEZ）航线上进行。共有11个轮次（22个航班），每次通过对两名飞行员进行飞行前、飞行中和飞行后的数据收集来进行调查。记录包括通过脑电图、心电图、运动活动测量以及主观评分得出的睡眠、任务负荷、疲劳和压力情况。实际平均飞行时间为9:15小时（FRA-SEZ）和9:53小时（SEZ-FRA）。所有航班均在夜间进行。在马埃岛的停留时间为白天的13:30小时。
在停留期间，与8小时的基线睡眠相比，平均睡眠缩短了2小时。连续两个夜间值班导致返回基地时睡眠缺失9.3小时。飞行中任务负荷的评分显示为中等程度，但疲劳评分呈上升趋势。疲劳在返程飞行中更为明显，几名飞行员将他们的疲劳程度评为临界水平。运动活动、脑电波活动（微事件发生次数）和心率表明在两个夜间航班期间都存在困倦以及低警觉和低清醒状态，但这些影响在第二次飞行中更为明显。
从研究结果可以得出结论，本研究中所采用的值班排班可能对心理和生理能力提出了过高要求。
