Alaoui-Ismaïli O, Robin O, Rada H, Dittmar A, Vernet-Maury E
Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France.
Physiol Behav. 1997 Oct;62(4):713-20. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(97)90016-0.
The present study was designed to analyze the relationship between self-report and physiological expression of basic emotions (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, disgust and anger) in response to odorants. 44 subjects inhaled five odorants: vanillin, menthol, eugenol, methyl methacrylate, and propionic acid. Six autonomic nervous systems (ANS) parameters were simultaneously recorded in real time and without interference: Skin Potential (SP), Skin Resistance (SR), Skin Temperature (ST), Skin Blood Flow (SBF), Instantaneous Respiratory Frequency (IRF) and Instantaneous Heart Rate (IHR). At the end of the recording, subjects were instructed i) to identify the odorants roughly II) to situate them on an 11-point hedonic scale from highly pleasant (0) to highly unpleasant (10); and iii) to define what type of basic emotion was evoked by each odorant. In this study, the expected affects were aroused in the subjects. Vanillin and menthol were rated pleasant, while methyl methacrylate and propionic acid were judged unpleasant. Eugenol was median in hedonic estimation. ANS evaluation (each autonomic pattern induced by an odorant was transcripted into a basic emotion) shows that pleasantly connoted odorants evoked mainly happiness and surprise, but that unpleasant ones induced mainly disgust and anger. Eugenol was associated with positive and negative affects. Comparison between conscious (verbal) and unconscious (ANS) emotions, reveals that these two estimations 1) were not significantly different as far as the two pleasant odorants were concerned, 2) showed a tendency to be significantly different for eugenol odorant which was variably scored on the hedonic axis, and 3) exhibited a significant difference for the two unpleasant odorants, for which the corresponding "verbal emotion" was mainly "disgust", while the most frequent ANS emotion was "anger". In conclusion, these results show quite a good correlation between verbal and ANS estimated basic emotions. The main difference concerns anger: while there is a high occurrence of this emotion revealed by the analysis of ANS responses, it does not appear to be easily expressed through the verbal channel.
本研究旨在分析对气味剂产生反应时基本情绪（快乐、惊讶、恐惧、悲伤、厌恶和愤怒）的自我报告与生理表现之间的关系。44名受试者吸入了五种气味剂：香草醛、薄荷醇、丁香酚、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙酸。同时实时且无干扰地记录六个自主神经系统（ANS）参数：皮肤电位（SP）、皮肤电阻（SR）、皮肤温度（ST）、皮肤血流量（SBF）、瞬时呼吸频率（IRF）和瞬时心率（IHR）。记录结束时，要求受试者：i）大致识别气味剂；ii）将它们置于从高度愉悦（0）到高度不悦（10）的11点享乐量表上；iii）确定每种气味剂引发的基本情绪类型。在本研究中，受试者产生了预期的情绪反应。香草醛和薄荷醇被评为愉悦，而甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙酸被判定为不悦。丁香酚在享乐评估中处于中等水平。ANS评估（每种由气味剂诱发的自主模式被转化为一种基本情绪）表明，具有愉悦含义的气味剂主要引发快乐和惊讶，而不悦的气味剂主要诱发厌恶和愤怒。丁香酚与积极和消极情绪都有关联。有意识（言语）情绪和无意识（ANS）情绪之间的比较表明，对于两种愉悦气味剂，这两种评估1）没有显著差异；2）对于在享乐轴上得分可变的丁香酚气味剂，有显著差异的趋势；3）对于两种不悦气味剂，存在显著差异，其相应的“言语情绪”主要是“厌恶”，而最常见的ANS情绪是“愤怒”。总之，这些结果表明言语和ANS评估的基本情绪之间有相当好的相关性。主要差异在于愤怒：虽然通过ANS反应分析显示这种情绪出现频率较高，但它似乎不容易通过言语渠道表达出来。
