Miller D S, Miller T Q
University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Galveston 77555-1153, USA.
Addict Behav. 1997 Jul-Aug;22(4):479-89. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4603(96)00059-7.
The current study examined the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on adolescent marijuana use using data from a national longitudinal survey of subjects aged 11 to 17 (N = 1,725). Both direct and indirect measures of SES (e.g., Hollingshead's measure of SES, predicts marijuana use among adolescents. For males, our study found a nonlinear relationship between the Hollingshead measure and marijuana use that had not been identified in previous research. For females, the Hollingshead measure was nonsignificant when alcohol use and having friends who use marijuana were added to the model. This finding suggests that the effects of SES on marijuana use may be mediated by alcohol use and friends' use of marijuana. Weekly alcohol users were much more likely than nonusers to initiate marijuana use for both males (Odds ratio [OR] = 18.28, Confidence interval [CI] = 4.93-67.81) and females (OR = 11.75, CI = 3.22-42.86). Other significant variables for both sexes included having a job, having friends who use marijuana, and having used some alcohol in the past year. For males, grade point average (GPA), commitment to friends, urbanicity, time spent with friends, and peer strain were also significant predictors of initial marijuana use. For females, prior victimization and low school aspirations were significant. In sum, our findings suggest that psychosocial risk factors for marijuana use are substantially different for males than for females and that future researchers need to test for nonlinear relationships between SES and adolescent substance use.
本研究利用一项针对11至17岁受试者的全国纵向调查数据（N = 1725），考察了社会经济地位（SES）对青少年大麻使用的影响。SES的直接和间接测量指标（例如，霍林斯黑德的SES测量方法）均能预测青少年的大麻使用情况。对于男性，我们的研究发现霍林斯黑德测量指标与大麻使用之间存在一种此前研究中未发现的非线性关系。对于女性，当将饮酒情况和有使用大麻的朋友这两个因素加入模型后，霍林斯黑德测量指标就不再显著。这一发现表明，SES对大麻使用的影响可能是由饮酒情况和朋友使用大麻的情况所介导的。每周饮酒的男性和女性开始使用大麻的可能性都比不饮酒者高得多，男性的优势比（OR）= 18.28，置信区间（CI）= 4.93 - 67.81；女性的OR = 11.75，CI = 3.22 - 42.86。对两性而言，其他显著变量包括有工作经历、有使用大麻的朋友以及在过去一年中曾饮酒。对于男性，平均绩点（GPA）、对朋友的忠诚度、城市化程度、与朋友相处的时间以及同伴压力也是初次使用大麻的显著预测因素。对于女性，此前遭受过侵害以及学业期望较低是显著因素。总之，我们的研究结果表明，男性和女性使用大麻的心理社会风险因素存在很大差异，未来的研究人员需要检验SES与青少年物质使用之间的非线性关系。
