Li G, Baker S P
Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 21287-2080, USA.
Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1997 Sep;18(3):265-70. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199709000-00007.
Autopsy data from individual aviation crashes have long been used in aviation safety research in the form of case reports and case series studies. Injuries sustained from aviation crashes, however, have not been well documented at a national level. This study examines the injury patterns for persons who died in aviation crashes in the United States and the implications for preventive strategies. Death certificate data for all aviation-related fatalities for the years 1980 (n = 1,543) and 1990 (n = 1.011) were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics. The immediate cause of death and all injury diagnoses recorded on the death certificates were analyzed in relation to year of injury, crash category, and type of victim. Despite a 34% reduction in the number of aviation-related fatalities between 1980 and 1990, injury patterns were fairly stable. Multiple injuries were listed as the immediate cause of death in 42% of the fatalities, followed by head injury (22%); internal injury of thorax, abdomen, or pelvis (12%); burns (4%); and drowning (3%). Head injuries were most common among children. The majority (86%) died at the scene or were dead on arrival at the hospital. Eighteen percent of the victims were reported to have sustained a single injury, with head injury being the cause of death in nearly a third of these fatalities. Blunt injuries resulting from deceleration forces, in particular head injury, are still the most important hazard threatening occupants' survival in aviation crashes. To further reduce aviation-related fatalities requires more effective restraint systems and other improvements in aircraft design.
来自个别航空事故的尸体解剖数据长期以来一直以病例报告和病例系列研究的形式用于航空安全研究。然而，航空事故造成的伤害在国家层面上并未得到充分记录。本研究调查了在美国死于航空事故的人员的受伤模式及其对预防策略的影响。1980年（n = 1543）和1990年（n = 1011）所有与航空相关死亡的死亡证明数据均来自国家卫生统计中心。对死亡证明上记录的直接死因和所有损伤诊断进行了分析，分析内容涉及受伤年份、事故类别和受害者类型。尽管1980年至1990年间与航空相关的死亡人数减少了34%，但受伤模式相当稳定。42%的死亡人员的直接死因被列为多处受伤，其次是头部受伤（22%）；胸部、腹部或骨盆内部受伤（12%）；烧伤（4%）；溺水（3%）。头部受伤在儿童中最为常见。大多数（86%）在现场死亡或在抵达医院时已死亡。据报告，18%的受害者仅受了一处伤，其中近三分之一的死亡人员的死因是头部受伤。减速力造成的钝性损伤，尤其是头部受伤，仍然是航空事故中威胁乘客生存的最重要危险因素。为了进一步减少与航空相关的死亡人数，需要更有效的约束系统和飞机设计方面的其他改进。
