Egocentric spatial framework effects from single and multiple points of view.

In three experiments, we tested the one-place, one-perspective rule formulated by Franklin, Tversky, and Coon (1992). This rule proposes that subjects take a neutral, external perspective when they must use multiple viewpoints to make decisions about the locations of objects in memorized scenes. We compared responding from a single viewpoint with responding from two viewpoints. In Experiments 1 and 2, we used a sentence verification procedure, and in Experiment 3, we compared a true-false verification procedure with a six-alternative forced-choice procedure. Under these various conditions, we observed egocentric spatial framework effects in that above-below judgments were faster than front-back judgments and front-back judgments were faster than right-left judgments. When responding from two points of view in a single place, our subjects took multiple intrinsic perspectives rather than one neutral external perspective as proposed by the one-place, one-perspective rule.