Van Hoozen B E, Cross C E
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento 95817, USA.
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 1997 Fall;15(3):243-69. doi: 10.1007/BF02737700.
Daily marijuana smoking has been clearly shown to have adverse effects on pulmonary function and produce respiratory symptomatology (cough, wheeze, and sputum production) similar to that of tobacco smokers. Based on the tobacco experience, decrements in pulmonary function may be predictive of the future development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, in the absence of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, the habitual marijuana-only smoker would likely have to smoke 4-5 joints per day for a span of at least 30 yr in order to develop overt manifestations of COPD. The mutagenic/carcinogenic properties of marijuana smoke are also well-established. The potential for induction of laryngeal, oropharyngeal, and possibly bronchogenic carcinoma from marijuana has been documented by several case reports and observational series. Despite this, a relative risk ratio for the development of these tumors has not yet been quantified. Based on a higher frequency of case reports for upper airway cancer compared to bronchogenic carcinoma, marijuana smoking may have a more deleterious effect on the upper respiratory tract. However, this hypothesis remains speculative at best, pending confirmation by longitudinal studies.
每日吸食大麻已被明确证明会对肺功能产生不良影响，并引发与吸烟者类似的呼吸道症状（咳嗽、喘息和咳痰）。基于对烟草的研究经验，肺功能下降可能预示着慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的未来发展。然而，在缺乏α-1抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症的情况下，仅习惯性吸食大麻的人可能需要每天吸食4至5根大麻烟，持续至少30年，才会出现COPD的明显症状。大麻烟雾的致突变/致癌特性也已得到充分证实。多例病例报告和观察系列记录了大麻诱发喉癌、口咽癌以及可能的支气管癌的可能性。尽管如此，这些肿瘤发生的相对风险率尚未量化。与支气管癌相比，上呼吸道癌的病例报告频率更高，据此推测吸食大麻可能对上呼吸道产生更有害的影响。然而，这一假设充其量仍只是推测，有待纵向研究加以证实。
