Manun'Ebo M, Cousens S, Haggerty P, Kalengaie M, Ashworth A, Kirkwood B
Maternal and Child Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
Trop Med Int Health. 1997 Nov;2(11):1015-21. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-180.x.
To date questionnaire surveys have been the most commonly used instruments to measure hygiene behaviours related to water and sanitation. More recently, a number of studies have used structured observations to study practices related to diarrhoea. During a trial of a hygiene education intervention to reduce diarrhoea among young children in Bandundu, Zaire, both instruments were used to measure the disposal of child faeces and various hand-washing practices. Three hundred families were observed and follow-up interviews performed with 274 (91%) mothers. At the individual level, agreement between observed and reported behaviour was little better than might be expected by chance. There was evidence of over-reporting of hand-washing before food preparation (44% vs 33%; P = 0.03), hand-washing before eating (76% vs 60%; P < 0.001) and disposal of the child's faeces in a latrine (75% vs 40%; P < 0.001). On the other hand, hand-washing before feeding the child was reported less often than it was observed (7% vs 64%; P < 0.001). Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that, in general, mothers over-report 'desirable' behaviours. At the same time, our data indicate that open questions may lead to under-reporting of certain behaviours. The repeatability of observations at both the individual and population levels remains to be established.
迄今为止，问卷调查一直是测量与水和卫生设施相关的卫生行为最常用的手段。最近，一些研究使用结构化观察来研究与腹泻相关的行为。在扎伊尔班顿杜开展的一项旨在减少幼儿腹泻的卫生教育干预试验中，两种手段都被用于测量儿童粪便的处理情况和各种洗手行为。对300个家庭进行了观察，并对274名（91%）母亲进行了随访访谈。在个体层面，观察到的行为与报告的行为之间的一致性仅略好于随机预期。有证据表明，在准备食物前洗手（44%对33%；P = 0.03）、吃饭前洗手（76%对60%；P < 0.001）以及在厕所处理儿童粪便（75%对40%；P < 0.001）的情况存在报告过度。另一方面，给孩子喂食前洗手的报告发生率低于观察到的发生率（7%对64%；P < 0.001）。我们的数据与这样的假设一致，即总体而言，母亲会过度报告“理想”行为。与此同时，我们的数据表明，开放性问题可能导致某些行为报告不足。个体和群体层面观察的可重复性仍有待确定。
