Winter K A, Kuiper N A
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
Clin Psychol Rev. 1997 Nov;17(7):791-821. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00057-3.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the important role of individual difference factors in the experience of emotion. We begin by describing several commonalties across two major approaches to the study of emotion, namely, the neuropsychological and cognitive perspectives. Both approaches provide some degree of support for the role of individual differences and cognitive factors in the experience of emotion. This paper builds on these commonalities by reviewing personality and psychopathology findings that indicate the contribution of both positive and negative personality characteristics (e.g., extraversion, optimism vs. neuroticism, trait anxiety) to the types of cognitive appraisals and emotional responses exhibited by different individuals. A self-schema model of emotion is presented as a means of integrating more fully this individual differences perspective with a theory of emotion. In this model, self-schema content provides the basis for individual differences in underlying core themes and self-evaluative beliefs. The model describes how self-schema content distinctions across individuals may have a differential impact on the initial processing of an event, evaluation of this event with respect to the self, and emotional and behavioral output. Several examples are then presented to illustrate the increased predictability afforded by this individual differences-based self-schema model of emotion. The application of this model to treatment and prevention issues in clinical and health psychology is also briefly considered. Finally, the model is integrated with other theoretical perspectives on emotion by describing a number of additional research and theoretical implications. Emphasis is placed on the need for further clarification of both cognitive and emotional components of an individual differences perspective on the study of emotions.
本文的目的是强调个体差异因素在情绪体验中的重要作用。我们首先描述情绪研究的两种主要方法，即神经心理学和认知视角的几个共同点。这两种方法都为个体差异和认知因素在情绪体验中的作用提供了一定程度的支持。本文通过回顾人格和精神病理学研究结果来建立在这些共同点之上，这些结果表明积极和消极的人格特征（如外向性、乐观与神经质、特质焦虑）对不同个体表现出的认知评估类型和情绪反应的贡献。提出了一种情绪自我图式模型，作为将这种个体差异视角与情绪理论更充分整合的一种方式。在这个模型中，自我图式内容为潜在核心主题和自我评估信念中的个体差异提供了基础。该模型描述了个体之间自我图式内容的差异如何可能对事件的初始处理、相对于自我对该事件的评估以及情绪和行为输出产生不同的影响。然后给出几个例子来说明这种基于个体差异的情绪自我图式模型所带来的更高的可预测性。还简要考虑了该模型在临床和健康心理学的治疗与预防问题中的应用。最后，通过描述一些额外的研究和理论意义，将该模型与其他情绪理论视角进行整合。重点在于需要进一步阐明个体差异视角在情绪研究中的认知和情绪成分。
