Ratner A M
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1976 Jul;2(3):266-84. doi: 10.1037//0097-7403.2.3.266.
Three experiments examined the effects of aversive stimulation in the context of imprinting. In Experiment 1, newly hatched ducklings were electrically shocked in either the presence or absence of an imprinting stimulus, and both their tendency to follow the stimulus when it was presented alone and their preference for it over novel stimuli were subsequently assessed. The results indicated that the shock enhanced the subjects' tendency to follow the imprinting stimulus in the nonchoice situation regardless of whether the ducklings were shocked in its presence or absence. If, however, the electrical shocks were associated with the presence of the imprinting stimulus, they also reversed the ducklings' usual preference for the imprinting object over the novel stimuli. Comparable effects were obtained in the second experiment in which 5-day-old ducklings were electrically shocked in either the presence or absence of a novel, fear-eliciting imprinting stimulus. In Experiment 3, electrical shock was administered to newly hatched ducklings independently of their exposure to an imprinting stimulus, and it was found that, relative to older ducklings that received the same treatment, the newly hatched subjects subsequently displayed less emotionally in fear-eliciting situations. The results were interpreted as suggesting that there are at least three distinct effects of aversive stimulation in the context of imprinting-motivational, associative, and developmental.
三项实验研究了厌恶刺激在印记情境中的作用。在实验1中，刚孵出的小鸭在有或没有印记刺激的情况下接受电击，随后评估它们在单独呈现刺激时跟随刺激的倾向以及它们对该刺激相对于新刺激的偏好。结果表明，无论小鸭在印记刺激出现或不出现时受到电击，电击都会增强它们在非选择情境中跟随印记刺激的倾向。然而，如果电击与印记刺激的出现相关联，它们也会逆转小鸭通常对印记对象相对于新刺激的偏好。在第二项实验中也得到了类似的结果，在该实验中，5日龄的小鸭在有或没有一种新颖的、引发恐惧的印记刺激的情况下接受电击。在实验3中，刚孵出的小鸭在与是否接触印记刺激无关的情况下接受电击，结果发现，相对于接受相同处理的大龄小鸭，刚孵出的受试小鸭在引发恐惧的情境中随后表现出的情绪反应较少。这些结果被解释为表明在印记情境中厌恶刺激至少有三种不同的作用——动机性、关联性和发育性。
