Barrett J E
J Exp Anal Behav. 1972 Sep;18(2):305-21. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1972.18-305.
The behavioral effects of various schedules of electric shock presentation were investigated during and after the imprinting of Peking ducklings to moving stimuli. The behavior of following a moving imprinted stimulus was differentially controlled by a multiple schedule of punishment and avoidance that respectively suppressed and maintained following behavior. Pole-pecking, reinforced by presentations of the imprinted stimulus, was suppressed by response-produced shock (punishment); various schedules of response-independent shock and delayed punishment had an overall minimal effect. The delivery of response-independent shock in the presence of one of two stimuli, both during and after imprinting, resulted in a marked reduction in choice of the stimulus paired with shock. The experiments provide no support for a differentiation of imprinting from learning on the basis of the behavioral effects of aversive stimuli. Instead, as is the case with other organisms, the schedule under which shock is delivered to imprinted ducklings appears to be an important determinant of the temporal patterning of subsequent behavior.
在将北京鸭幼雏对移动刺激进行印记化的过程中和之后，研究了不同电击呈现时间表的行为效应。跟随移动印记刺激的行为受到惩罚和回避多重时间表的差异控制，该时间表分别抑制和维持跟随行为。由印记刺激呈现强化的啄杆行为受到反应产生的电击（惩罚）抑制；各种与反应无关的电击时间表和延迟惩罚的总体影响最小。在印记化期间和之后，在两种刺激之一出现时给予与反应无关的电击，导致与电击配对的刺激的选择显著减少。这些实验不支持基于厌恶刺激的行为效应将印记化与学习区分开来。相反，与其他生物体的情况一样，给予印记化鸭幼雏电击的时间表似乎是后续行为时间模式的重要决定因素。
