Rojas G, Bogarín G, Gutiérrez J M
Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Toxicon. 1997 Nov;35(11):1639-43. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00046-9.
The mortality rate due to snakebite envenomation in Costa Rica was estimated from 1952 to 1993. The highest mortality was observed during the 1950s and 1960s, with the highest rate of 4.83 per 100,000 population in 1953. In contrast, a rate of 0.2 per 100,000 population per year was estimated from 1990 to 1993. The most conspicuous decline in mortality occurred after 1970. The highest mortality rates were observed in the provinces of Limón and Puntarenas, especially in regions where tropical rain forests had been transformed into agricultural fields. The lowest mortality was in the province of Guanacaste, where tropical dry forest predominates and Bothrops asper (terciopelo), the most important poisonous snake in the country, is not abundant. The majority of fatalities occurred in the age groups from 10 to 19 years old. Males were more affected than females in a ratio of 3.6:1. Before 1980 most fatal cases did not receive medical attention in hospitals, whereas after 1980 the majority of cases with fatal outcome were attended in hospitals.
对1952年至1993年期间哥斯达黎加蛇咬中毒死亡率进行了估算。20世纪50年代和60年代死亡率最高，1953年达到每10万人口4.83的最高比率。相比之下，1990年至1993年期间估计每年每10万人口的比率为0.2。死亡率最显著的下降发生在1970年之后。利蒙省和蓬塔雷纳斯省的死亡率最高，特别是在热带雨林已转变为农田的地区。死亡率最低的是瓜纳卡斯特省，该省以热带干燥森林为主，而该国最重要的毒蛇三色矛头蝮在该省并不常见。大多数死亡发生在10至19岁年龄组。男性受影响比女性更严重，比例为3.6:1。1980年以前，大多数致命病例没有在医院接受治疗，而1980年以后，大多数有致命后果的病例在医院接受了治疗。
