Fishman R S
Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
Doc Ophthalmol. 1997;93(1-2):9-28. doi: 10.1007/BF02569044.
By the turn of the 20th century, localization of function in the cerebral cortex of the brain had advanced considerably, but a relatively vague idea only existed that human vision was represented in the vicinity of the calcarine cortex. World War I produced a large number of isolated missile wounds of the brain. Their study yielded a complete topographical mapping of the visual field in the primary cortical vision center, and is a basis of our modern interpretation of visual fields. This map has been recently modified by MRI studies to show that the magnification of the central retinal projection onto the cerebral cortex to be even greater than previously thought. Many names are associated with the story of how war led to this knowledge. This essay refers to Harvey Cushing, William Osler, Tatsui Inouye, and most particularly to the career and contributions of the British neurologist Gordon Holmes.
到20世纪之交，大脑皮层功能定位已取得了长足进展，但当时人们对人类视觉在距状裂皮层附近有所体现的认识还比较模糊。第一次世界大战造成了大量脑部孤立的弹伤。对这些弹伤的研究绘制出了初级皮层视觉中枢完整的视野地形图，这也是我们现代视野解读的基础。最近的MRI研究对这张地图进行了修正，结果显示视网膜中央投影在大脑皮层上的放大程度比之前认为的还要大。有许多人都与战争催生这一认知的故事有关。本文提到了哈维·库欣、威廉·奥斯勒、井上达巳，尤其着重讲述了英国神经学家戈登·霍姆斯的职业生涯与贡献。
