Karenberg A, Moog F P
Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin der Universität zu Köln.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1997 Nov;65(11):489-503. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-996355.
To a certain degree, the history of neurology can be conceptualised as a history of important diseases related to the nervous system. Although most of these disorders were either first discovered or classified on an anatomical and physiological basis after 1800, early descriptions of neurological symptoms and theories about their origin date back to the medical literature of antiquity. Using the case study approach, this paper reviews ancient concepts of apoplexy from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD. Based on medical texts of more than 20 authors (e.g. Hippocratic writings, Aristotle, Diocles, Praxagoras, Celsus, Aretaeus, Soranus, Galen, Caelius Aurelianus), definitions of the disease, clinical symptoms, prognosis and differential diagnosis are described first, succeeded by a discussion of the hypotheses on aetiology and pathogenesis. Special emphasis is placed on the key principles of ancient medicine such as the doctrine of the four humours, the concept of the pneuma and the theory of the "communicates" and their explanatory power for neurological disorders. The following chapter is dedicated to classic therapeutic strategies. The paper concludes with a brief survey on the influence of ancient concepts on authors of later centuries.
在一定程度上，神经病学的历史可以被概念化为一部与神经系统相关的重要疾病史。尽管这些疾病大多是在1800年之后首次基于解剖学和生理学基础被发现或分类的，但对神经症状的早期描述及其起源的理论可以追溯到古代医学文献。本文采用案例研究方法，回顾了从公元前5世纪到公元5世纪古代对中风的概念。基于20多位作者的医学文本（如希波克拉底著作、亚里士多德、狄奥克莱斯、普拉克斯戈拉、塞尔苏斯、阿雷泰乌斯、索拉努斯、盖伦、凯利乌斯·奥雷利安努斯），首先描述了该疾病的定义、临床症状、预后和鉴别诊断，接着讨论了病因学和发病机制的假说。特别强调了古代医学的关键原则，如四体液学说、元气概念和“相通”理论及其对神经系统疾病的解释力。接下来的章节专门讨论经典治疗策略。本文最后简要概述了古代概念对后世作者的影响。
