Gage A A
School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA.
Semin Surg Oncol. 1998 Mar;14(2):99-109. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2388(199803)14:2<99::aid-ssu2>3.0.co;2-1.
The use of freezing temperatures for the therapeutic destruction of tissue began in England in 1845-51 when James Arnott described the use of iced salt solutions (about-20 degrees C) to freeze advanced cancers in accessible sites, producing reduction in tumor size and amelioration of pain. Improved freezing techniques were possible early in the 1990s when solidified carbon dioxide came into use and later when liquid nitrogen and nitrous oxide became available. Nevertheless, cryotherapy was a minor technique, used only for the accessible lesions of skin and mucosa. With the development of modern cryosurgical apparatus by Cooper in 1961, a resurgence of interest in cryosurgery was initiated and techniques for diverse clinical conditions, including visceral cancer, evolved, After the initial widespread clinical trials matured in the 1970s, some applications of the technique fell into disuse while others became standard treatment. Late in the 1980s, further improvements in apparatus and imaging techniques have permitted increased clinical use in neoplastic disease, including visceral cancer.
利用低温对组织进行治疗性破坏始于19世纪45至51年的英国，当时詹姆斯·阿诺特描述了使用冰盐溶液（约-20摄氏度）冷冻体表可触及部位的晚期癌症，使肿瘤缩小并缓解疼痛。20世纪90年代初，随着固态二氧化碳的应用以及后来液氮和一氧化二氮的问世，冷冻技术得到了改进。然而，冷冻疗法只是一种小技术，仅用于皮肤和黏膜的浅表病变。1961年库珀研发出现代冷冻手术设备后，人们对冷冻手术的兴趣再度兴起，针对包括内脏癌在内的各种临床病症的技术也不断发展。20世纪70年代，最初广泛开展的临床试验成熟后，该技术的一些应用不再使用，而其他一些应用则成为标准治疗方法。20世纪80年代后期，设备和成像技术的进一步改进使得冷冻技术在包括内脏癌在内的肿瘤疾病中的临床应用有所增加。
