Goldstone R L
Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 1998;49:585-612. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.585.
Perceptual learning involves relatively long-lasting changes to an organism's perceptual system that improve its ability to respond to its environment. Four mechanisms of perceptual learning are discussed: attention weighting, imprinting, differentiation, and unitization. By attention weighting, perception becomes adapted to tasks and environments by increasing the attention paid to important dimensions and features. By imprinting, receptors are developed that are specialized for stimuli or parts of stimuli. By differentiation, stimuli that were once indistinguishable become psychologically separated. By unitization, tasks that originally required detection of several parts are accomplished by detecting a single constructed unit representing a complex configuration. Research from cognitive psychology, psychophysics, neuroscience, expert/novice differences, development, computer science, and cross-cultural differences is described that relates to these mechanisms. The locus, limits, and applications of perceptual learning are also discussed.
知觉学习涉及生物体知觉系统相对持久的变化，这种变化会提高其对环境做出反应的能力。本文讨论了知觉学习的四种机制：注意加权、印记、分化和单元化。通过注意加权，通过增加对重要维度和特征的关注，使感知适应任务和环境。通过印记，会形成专门用于刺激或刺激部分的感受器。通过分化，曾经无法区分的刺激在心理上变得分离。通过单元化，原本需要检测几个部分的任务通过检测一个代表复杂配置的单一构建单元来完成。文中描述了来自认知心理学、心理物理学、神经科学、专家/新手差异、发展、计算机科学和跨文化差异等方面与这些机制相关的研究。还讨论了知觉学习的位置、局限性和应用。
