Drummond S E, Crombie N E, Cursiter M C, Kirk T R
Centre for Food Research and Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh, UK.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Feb;22(2):105-12. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800552.
To investigate the relationships between eating frequency (EF) and body weight status and to determine whether these relationships can be explained in terms of differences in physical activity levels, macronutrient intakes or energy compensation.
Cross-sectional design; free-living subjects, 48 men and 47 women (aged 20-55 y, body mass index (BMI) 18-30), recruited in a workplace setting.
Height and weight; skinfold thickness (four sites); EF, energy and macronutrient intakes (food diary, unweighed, recorded for seven consecutive days); physical activity (7 d activity diary and heart rate monitoring over 48 h period).
In men there was a significant negative correlation between EF and body weight, and an inverse relationship with body mass index (BMI). EF was positively correlated with % energy from carbohydrate, although not with total energy intake. In women, there was no relationship between EF and body weight status; however, there were significant positive correlations between EF and total energy intake, and between EF and intakes of total carbohydrate and sugars. For both men and women, there were associations between EF and physical activity levels, approaching statistical significance.
In men, the association between increased EF and lower body weight status may have been influenced by increased physical activity levels. As energy intake did not increase with EF, men appear to have compensated by reducing the mean energy consumed per eating episode. Energy compensation did not take place in women, with women who ate most frequently having the highest energy intakes, although this did not lead to higher BMIs. Physical activity, through participation in active leisure pursuits, may have been an important factor in weight control in women. The % contribution of carbohydrate to total energy was positively correlated with EF in both men and women, and further analysis showed that snack foods provided a higher proportion of carbohydrate than did foods eaten as meals. These results indicate that a high EF is likely to lead to a high carbohydrate diet, which may be favourable for weight control. Our findings suggest that in this population, a high EF was associated with leanness in men, and there was no link between EF and body weight status in women.
研究进食频率（EF）与体重状况之间的关系，并确定这些关系是否可以通过身体活动水平、常量营养素摄入量或能量补偿的差异来解释。
横断面设计；在工作场所招募48名男性和47名女性（年龄20 - 55岁，体重指数（BMI）18 - 30）作为自由生活的受试者。
身高和体重；皮褶厚度（四个部位）；进食频率、能量和常量营养素摄入量（食物日记，未称重，连续记录七天）；身体活动（7天活动日记以及48小时的心率监测）。
在男性中，进食频率与体重之间存在显著负相关，与体重指数（BMI）呈反比关系。进食频率与碳水化合物提供的能量百分比呈正相关，尽管与总能量摄入量无关。在女性中，进食频率与体重状况之间没有关系；然而，进食频率与总能量摄入量之间以及进食频率与总碳水化合物和糖的摄入量之间存在显著正相关。对于男性和女性，进食频率与身体活动水平之间均存在关联，接近统计学显著性。
在男性中，进食频率增加与较低体重状况之间的关联可能受到身体活动水平增加的影响。由于能量摄入量并未随进食频率增加，男性似乎通过减少每次进食的平均能量消耗来进行补偿。女性并未发生能量补偿，进食最频繁的女性能量摄入量最高，尽管这并未导致更高的BMI。通过参与积极的休闲活动，身体活动可能是女性体重控制的一个重要因素。碳水化合物在总能量中的贡献百分比在男性和女性中均与进食频率呈正相关，进一步分析表明，零食提供的碳水化合物比例高于正餐食物。这些结果表明，高进食频率可能导致高碳水化合物饮食，这可能有利于体重控制。我们的研究结果表明，在该人群中，高进食频率与男性的瘦体重相关，而女性的进食频率与体重状况之间没有关联。
