Hayward M D, Friedman S, Chen H
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1998 Mar;53(2):S91-103. doi: 10.1093/geronb/53b.2.s91.
The idea of a long and stable career rewarded by retirement is a fixture of the American social ethos and political economy. The paradox is that many Americans' careers do not fit this image. Here, we examined how the structure of the career, as compared to only those circumstances proximate to retirement, is important for understanding career endings. Based on labor force histories drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Older Men, we observed that the occupational roles held through the mid and late career combine additively to influence retirement and disability experiences, with different conditions of work coming into play depending on the career stage. Occupational roles in the mid career also have long-term, indirect effects, operating through the onset of health problems and the adequacy of pension benefits. Although retirement and disability are not hinged to occupational mobility per se, these career endings are sensitive to major discontinuities in the career and work role in terms of unemployment and labor force mobility.
将退休视为漫长而稳定职业生涯的回报，这是美国社会风气和政治经济的一个固定观念。矛盾之处在于，许多美国人的职业生涯并不符合这种形象。在此，我们研究了职业生涯的结构，相较于仅与退休直接相关的那些情况，对于理解职业生涯的结束有多重要。基于从《老年男性全国纵向调查》中获取的劳动力历史数据，我们观察到，中年和晚年职业生涯中所担任的职业角色会累加起来影响退休和残疾经历，不同的工作条件会根据职业阶段发挥作用。中年职业生涯中的职业角色也有长期的间接影响，通过健康问题的出现和养老金福利的充足程度来发挥作用。虽然退休和残疾本身并不取决于职业流动，但这些职业生涯的结束在失业和劳动力流动方面对职业生涯和工作角色的重大不连续性很敏感。
