Kurakake S, Nakaji S, Sugawara K, Okamura N, Oshita Y, Umeda T
Department of Health and Physical Education, Oita Medical University, Japan.
Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 1998 Jan;52(4):667-76. doi: 10.1265/jjh.52.667.
This study attempted to measure the physical load on national high school baseball umpires during games played at Koshien stadium under extremely hot and humid conditions in the summer. Thirty-one umpires participated in this study. Thirteen of them were evaluated twice while eighteen were evaluated only once. The factors used to determine physical load were the following: body weight, oral temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and serum biochemical elements. These were measured before and after the games. Heart rate was measured at one-minute intervals. The results were as follows. 1) All the games were played under conditions of extremely high temperatures--32.1 degrees celsius dry-bulb, 27.0 degrees celsius wet-bulb, 36.8 degrees celsius black-globe, 29.5 degrees--WBGT which are likely to cause heat-related illnesses. 2) The physical load of baseball umpires during the game showed a 1.69 percent decrease in average body weight due to perspiration, a 0.43 degrees C increase in oral temperature and an increase in heart rate. An examination of the serum biochemical elements showed that muscle deviation enzymes changed due to muscular activity and blood condensed due to perspiration. The physical load levels of baseball umpires were influenced by extreme heat and physical activity during the game. 3) There were no observable differences in either the amount of physical activity or the extreme heat environment among the umpires of different field positions. But the chief umpire's physical load showed a greater decrease in body weight, more blood condensation due to perspiration as a result of the heavier equipment he wore, more muscular activity and higher energy consumption than his counterparts on the bases. 4) The umpire's heart rates were higher during games than before games. The moment they were on the playing field. Their heart rates rose to an average of 134. It remained above 115 for about two hours, apparently caused by physical activity and heart load.
本研究试图测量夏季在甲子园球场极端炎热潮湿条件下举行的比赛中，日本高中棒球裁判所承受的身体负荷。31名裁判参与了本研究。其中13人接受了两次评估，18人仅接受了一次评估。用于确定身体负荷的因素如下：体重、口腔温度、血压、心率和血清生化元素。这些指标在比赛前后进行测量。心率每隔一分钟测量一次。结果如下：1）所有比赛都在极高温度条件下进行——干球温度32.1摄氏度、湿球温度27.0摄氏度、黑球温度36.8摄氏度、湿球黑球温度29.5摄氏度，这种环境很可能引发与热相关的疾病。2）比赛期间棒球裁判的身体负荷表现为，平均体重因出汗下降了1.69%，口腔温度升高了0.43摄氏度，心率增加。血清生化元素检查表明，肌肉偏离酶因肌肉活动而变化，血液因出汗而浓缩。棒球裁判的身体负荷水平受到比赛期间酷热和身体活动的影响。3）不同场地位置的裁判在身体活动量或酷热环境方面均未观察到差异。但主裁判的身体负荷表现为体重下降幅度更大，由于他穿着更重的装备，出汗导致血液浓缩更多，肌肉活动更多，能量消耗比垒上的同行更高。4）裁判在比赛期间的心率高于比赛前。他们一进入赛场，心率平均升至134。心率在约两小时内保持在115以上，显然是由身体活动和心脏负荷引起的。
