Greiner B A, Ragland D R, Krause N, Syme S L, Fisher J M
Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
J Occup Health Psychol. 1997 Oct;2(4):325-42. doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.2.4.325.
Eighty-one observational work analyses were conducted to measure stressors independently of worker appraisal in the San Francisco transit system. On the basis of action regulation theory, stress factors were defined as hindrances for task performance due to poor work organization or technological design. Stressors included (a) work barriers, defined as obstacles that cause extra work or unsafe behavior; (b) time pressure; (c) monotonous conditions; and (d) time binding, defined as control over timing. Reliability, measured as interrater agreement, ranged between 80 and 97%, with kappas of .46-.70. Validity analyses were done with 71 transit operators who participated in the observations and 177 operators who were assigned mean line-specific observational stressor measures. High odds ratios (ORs) were found for barriers and psychosomatic complaints (OR = 3.8, p = .00), time pressure and relaxation time needed after work (OR = 3.1, p = .05), and barriers and smoking to cope (OR = 3.8, p = .02). Using observational data in conjunction with self-report data can reduce confounding and improve interpretability of stress and health studies.
在旧金山公交系统中，进行了81项观察性工作分析，以独立于员工评估来衡量压力源。基于行动调节理论，压力因素被定义为由于工作组织不善或技术设计导致的任务执行障碍。压力源包括：（a）工作障碍，定义为导致额外工作或不安全行为的障碍；（b）时间压力；（c）单调的工作条件；（d）时间约束，定义为对时间安排的控制。以评分者间一致性衡量的信度在80%至97%之间，卡帕值为0.46至0.70。对71名参与观察的公交运营人员和177名被分配特定线路平均观察性压力源测量值的运营人员进行了效度分析。发现工作障碍与身心不适之间的优势比很高（优势比=3.8，p=0.00），时间压力与下班后所需的放松时间之间的优势比很高（优势比=3.1，p=0.05），工作障碍与通过吸烟来应对之间的优势比很高（优势比=3.8，p=0.02）。将观察性数据与自我报告数据结合使用可以减少混杂因素，并提高压力与健康研究的可解释性。
