Bloch P, Shapiro I M, Soule L, Close A, Revich B
University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia 19104-4283, USA.
Appl Radiat Isot. 1998 May-Jun;49(5-6):703-5. doi: 10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00207-8.
Lead is accumulated and immobilized for long periods of time in teeth. Thus the Pb concentration of a tooth can be used as an indicator of the cumulative Pb intake of a child. Shed and extracted teeth were collected from children in Beijing, China and some industrial regions in the Middle Urals in Russia. The Pb levels in the teeth were measured in Philadelphia, PA using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique. Since Pb deposits in the tooth during the entire period that it is in the child, the measured tooth Pb level was divided by the age of the child when the tooth was shed and expressed in terms of (microgram/g-yr). 10% (n = 100) of the teeth from Beijing, China had Pb levels exceeding 5.5 and 3% above 9 micrograms/g-yr. For comparison, in the 1970s when urban environmental Pb levels were elevated, the tooth Pb levels in Philadelphia children were similar, i.e. 10% (n = 298) of the teeth had Pb levels exceeding 7.5 and 6% were above 9 micrograms/g-yr. Children in a more rural setting, Bennington, VT, had no detectable tooth Pb (n = 200). The Pb levels in the teeth from the Urals were much higher; 50% (n = 134) of the teeth had Pb levels exceeding 7.5 and 10% exceeding 17.8 micrograms/g-yr. The tooth Pb levels observed in the teeth from Beijing, and more so from the Urals, indicate that these children are residing in Pb polluted environments. Further studies are required to determine the extent of the Pb pollution and to explore the possibility that there are associated Pb-related health deficits.
铅会在牙齿中长期蓄积并固定下来。因此，牙齿中的铅浓度可作为儿童铅摄入量累积情况的一个指标。在中国北京以及俄罗斯中乌拉尔地区的一些工业区收集了儿童脱落和拔除的牙齿。在美国宾夕法尼亚州费城，使用X射线荧光（XRF）技术测量了牙齿中的铅含量。由于铅在牙齿处于儿童口腔期间的整个阶段都会沉积，所以将测得的牙齿铅含量除以牙齿脱落时儿童的年龄，并以（微克/克·年）表示。中国北京10%（n = 100）的牙齿铅含量超过5.5，3%超过9微克/克·年。作为对比，在20世纪70年代城市环境铅含量升高时，费城儿童的牙齿铅含量与之相似，即10%（n = 298）的牙齿铅含量超过7.5，6%超过9微克/克·年。佛蒙特州本宁顿一个更偏远地区的儿童牙齿中未检测到铅（n = 200）。乌拉尔地区牙齿中的铅含量要高得多；50%（n = 134）的牙齿铅含量超过7.5，10%超过17.8微克/克·年。在北京以及更明显的是在乌拉尔地区儿童牙齿中观察到的铅含量表明，这些儿童生活在铅污染的环境中。需要进一步研究以确定铅污染的程度，并探索是否存在与铅相关的健康缺陷。
