Graziano W G, Jensen-Campbell L A, Sullivan-Logan G M
Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 May;74(5):1266-77. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1266.
Temperament is assumed to be the biologically based, emotional core of personality. Adult personality is presumed to emerge developmentally from temperament. One mechanism that may link temperament to subsequent personality development involves caregiver expectancies. Stability in personality may be associated with caregiver expectancies about the meaning of temperament-based behavior. The expectancies, in combination with implicit theories of personality development, support stability and patterned change. This multimethod study examined the relations among motor activity differences, temperament, and expectations about future personality characteristics in preschool children. It was hypothesized that motor activity and temperament differences would be linked to teachers' expectations about later personality development. The hypothesis that expectations about such links would be moderated by the sex of the child was also examined. Outcomes generally corroborated hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of personality development and age-related adaptations to social contexts.
气质被认为是人格中基于生物学的情感核心。成人的人格被推测是从气质中发展而来的。一种可能将气质与后续人格发展联系起来的机制涉及照顾者的期望。人格的稳定性可能与照顾者对基于气质的行为意义的期望有关。这些期望与人格发展的内隐理论相结合，支持了稳定性和有模式的变化。这项多方法研究考察了学前儿童运动活动差异、气质以及对未来人格特征的期望之间的关系。研究假设运动活动和气质差异将与教师对后期人格发展的期望相关联。还检验了关于这种联系的期望会因儿童性别而受到调节的假设。研究结果总体上证实了假设。从人格发展以及与年龄相关的对社会环境的适应方面对结果进行了讨论。
