Yates A A, Schlicker S A, Suitor C W
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20418, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Jun;98(6):699-706. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00160-6.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) represent the new approach adopted by the Food and Nutrition Board to providing quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes for use in a variety of settings, replacing and expanding on the past 50 years of periodic updates and revisions of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). The DRI activity is a comprehensive effort undertaken to include current concepts about the role of nutrients and food components in long-term health, going beyond deficiency diseases. The DRIs consist of 4 reference intakes: the RDA, which is to be used as a goal for the individual; the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), which is given to assist in advising individuals what levels of intake may result in adverse effects if habitually exceeded; the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the intake level at which the data indicate that the needs for 50% of those consuming it will not be met; and the Adequate Intake (AI), a level judged by the experts developing the reference intakes to meet the needs of all individuals in a group, but which is based on much less data and substantially more judgment than that used in establishing an EAR and subsequently the RDA. When an RDA cannot be set, an AI is given. Both are to be used as goals for an individual. Two reports have been issued providing DRIs for nutrients and food components reviewed to date: these include calcium and its related nutrients: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride; and most recently, folate, the B vitamins, and choline. The approaches used to determine the DRIs, the reference values themselves, and the plans for future nutrients and food components are discussed.
膳食参考摄入量（DRIs）代表了食品与营养委员会采用的新方法，用于对各种情况下的营养素摄入量进行定量估计，取代并扩展了过去50年对推荐膳食摄入量（RDAs）的定期更新和修订。DRI活动是一项全面的努力，旨在纳入当前关于营养素和食物成分在长期健康中作用的概念，超越了营养缺乏病的范畴。DRIs由4种参考摄入量组成：推荐膳食摄入量（RDA），用作个体的目标；可耐受最高摄入量（UL），用于帮助告知个体，如果习惯性超过何种摄入量水平可能会产生不良影响；估计平均需求量（EAR），即数据表明摄入该量时，50%的人群需求无法得到满足的摄入量水平；以及适宜摄入量（AI），由制定参考摄入量的专家判断，该水平能满足某一群体中所有个体的需求，但与确定EAR及后续RDA所依据的数据相比，其基于的数据要少得多，且更多地依赖于判断。当无法设定RDA时，会给出AI。两者均用作个体的目标。已发布两份报告，提供了迄今为止已审查的营养素和食物成分的DRIs：这些包括钙及其相关营养素：磷、镁、维生素D和氟化物；以及最近的叶酸、B族维生素和胆碱。文中讨论了用于确定DRIs的方法、参考值本身以及未来营养素和食物成分的计划。
