Evidence for an early G1 ionic event necessary for cell cycle progression and survival in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line.

The mechanism of the G0/G1 arrest and inhibition of proliferation by quinidine, a potassium channel blocker, was investigated in a tissue culture cell line, MCF-7, derived from a human breast carcinoma. The earliest measurable effect of quinidine on the cell cycle was a decrease in the fraction of cells in S phase at 12 hr, followed by the accumulation of cells in G1/G0 phases at 30 hr. Arrest and release of the cell cycle established quinidine as a cell synchronization agent, with a site of arrest in early G1 preceding the lovastatin G1 arrest site by 5-6 hr. There was a close correspondence among the concentration-dependent arrest by quinidine in G1, depolarization of the membrane potential, and the inhibition of ATP-sensitive potassium currents, supporting a model in which hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and progression through G1 are functionally linked. Furthermore, the G1 arrest by quinidine was overcome by valinomycin, a potassium ionophore that hyperpolarized the membrane potential in the presence of quinidine. With sustained exposure of MCF-7 cells to quinidine, expression of the Ki67 antigen, a marker for cells in cycle, decreased, and apoptotic and necrotic cell death ensued. We conclude that MCF-7 cells that fail to progress through the quinidine-arrest site in G1 die.