Gewirtz J C, Davis M
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA.
Neuropharmacology. 1998 Apr-May;37(4-5):453-9. doi: 10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00036-7.
In Pavlovian first-order conditioning, a conditioned response is acquired by pairing a neutral stimulus (S1) with a stimulus that has innate motivational value. In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus (S2) is paired with S1 either after (second-order conditioning) or before (sensory preconditioning) first-order conditioning has been acquired. Thus, in higher-order conditioning the motivational value of the reinforcer is acquired rather than innate. This review describes some of the potential uses of higher-order conditioning in investigating the neural substrates of fearful memories. First, because in second-order fear conditioning S2 is not paired directly with a painful stimulus, any effect of a treatment on the acquisition of fear cannot be attributed to the treatment's possible effects on transmission of nociceptive information. Second, higher-order conditioning provides opportunities for analyzing where and how different types of events, or different aspects of the same events, are represented in the brain.
在巴甫洛夫一阶条件反射中，通过将中性刺激（S1）与具有先天动机价值的刺激配对来获得条件反应。在高阶条件反射中，中性刺激（S2）在一阶条件反射获得之后（二阶条件反射）或之前（感觉预条件反射）与S1配对。因此，在高阶条件反射中，强化物的动机价值是习得的而非先天的。本综述描述了高阶条件反射在研究恐惧记忆神经基础方面的一些潜在用途。首先，因为在二阶恐惧条件反射中S2不直接与疼痛刺激配对，所以治疗对恐惧习得的任何影响不能归因于该治疗对伤害性信息传递可能产生的影响。其次，高阶条件反射为分析不同类型的事件或同一事件的不同方面在大脑中的表征位置和方式提供了机会。
