Dick L
St. Anthony Hospital Family Practice Residency, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Am Fam Physician. 1998 Aug;58(2):383-98, 401-2.
One third of persons who travel abroad experience a travel-related illness, usually diarrhea or an upper respiratory infection. The risk of travelers' diarrhea can be reduced by eating only freshly prepared, hot foods. Combination therapy with a single dose of ofloxacin plus loperamide usually provides relief from travelers' diarrhea within 24 hours. Using a diethyltoluamide (deet)-containing insect repellent and wearing permethrin-coated clothing can reduce the risk of malaria, yellow fever and other diseases contracted from insects. Routine immunizations such as tetanus, measles, mumps and rubella, and influenza should be updated if necessary before the patient embarks on the trip. Hepatitis A immunization should be administered to persons traveling to places other than Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and western European countries. Typhoid vaccination should be considered for travelers going to developing countries. Yellow fever immunization is indicated for travelers going to endemic areas of South America and Africa. Malaria prophylaxis with chloroquine is indicated for travelers going to Mexico and Central America. Mefloquine is recommended for those traveling to areas where malaria is resistant to prophylactic treatment with chloroquine. Medical advice for patients planning trips abroad must be individualized and based on the most current expert recommendations.
三分之一出国旅行的人会患上与旅行相关的疾病，通常是腹泻或上呼吸道感染。仅食用新鲜烹制的热食可降低旅行者腹泻的风险。单剂量氧氟沙星加洛哌丁胺联合治疗通常可在24小时内缓解旅行者腹泻。使用含避蚊胺（DEET）的驱虫剂并穿着涂有氯菊酯的衣物可降低感染疟疾、黄热病和其他通过昆虫传播疾病的风险。如有必要，在患者出行前应更新破伤风、麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹和流感等常规疫苗接种情况。前往加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本和西欧国家以外地区旅行的人应接种甲型肝炎疫苗。前往发展中国家的旅行者应考虑接种伤寒疫苗。前往南美洲和非洲疫区的旅行者需要接种黄热病疫苗。前往墨西哥和中美洲的旅行者应使用氯喹预防疟疾。对于前往疟疾对氯喹预防治疗耐药地区的旅行者，推荐使用甲氟喹。为计划出国旅行的患者提供的医疗建议必须因人而异，并基于最新的专家建议。
