Sloand E
Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1998 Mar-Apr;2(2):170-5.
The incidence of serious breast pathology in children and adolescents is low. Despite this, children, adolescents, and their parents come to the primary care provider with many breast-related concerns. Tanner staging is a good predictor of ensuing physical sexual development and can be used as a tool to reassure the pubertal girl that she is normal. Variations such as polythelia, premature thelarche, gynecomastia, nipple irritation from exercise, and nipple piercing and tattooing can be managed with education and reassurance. Whereas breast cancer is extremely rare in adolescents, evaluation with ultrasonography may be indicated. The primary care provider plays a central role in educating young girls and adolescents about healthy breast practices such as avoidance of alcohol and cigarette smoking, exercise, low-fat diet, breast self-examination, and avoidance of piercing and tattooing.
儿童和青少年严重乳腺疾病的发病率较低。尽管如此，儿童、青少年及其父母仍会因许多与乳房相关的问题前来初级保健机构就诊。坦纳分期是后续生理性发育的良好预测指标，可作为让青春期女孩放心自己发育正常的工具。诸如多乳头、乳房过早发育、男性乳房发育、运动引起的乳头刺激以及乳头穿孔和纹身等变异情况，可通过教育和安抚来处理。虽然青少年乳腺癌极为罕见，但可能仍需进行超声评估。初级保健机构在教育年轻女孩和青少年养成健康的乳房保健习惯方面发挥着核心作用，这些习惯包括避免饮酒和吸烟、锻炼、低脂饮食、乳房自我检查以及避免穿孔和纹身。
