Clark C G, Kravetz A N, Alekseenko V V, Johnson W M
National Laboratory for Enteric Pathogens, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
Epidemiol Infect. 1998 Aug;121(1):1-13. doi: 10.1017/s0950268898008711.
The Ukraine cholera epidemic of 1994 and 1995 was caused by Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. This epidemic was centred in the area around Respublika Krim (Crimea) and Mykolajiv, and spread to include parts of southern Ukraine. Cases of cholera occurred between September and November of 1994 and between June and October of 1995. The 32 fatalities among 1370 recorded cases (case fatality ratio, 2.3%) occurred throughout the course of the epidemic. V. cholerae from patients with cholera produced cholera toxin and were resistant to multiple antibiotics, though no resistance plasmids were found. Conjugation experiments suggested that resistance to multiple antibiotics may be present on a self-transmissible genetic element. Environmental sources of V. cholerae O1 El Tor included sewage, sea and surface water, and fresh water and marine fish. All but one of the environmental V. cholerae isolated during the epidemic were very similar to selected isolates from patients at the same time, supporting the role of these environmental sources in the spread of disease.
1994年和1995年乌克兰霍乱疫情由霍乱弧菌O1群小川型、埃尔托生物型引起。此次疫情集中在克里米亚共和国（克里米亚）和米科拉伊夫周围地区，并蔓延至乌克兰南部部分地区。霍乱病例出现在1994年9月至11月以及1995年6月至10月期间。在记录的1370例病例中有32例死亡（病死率为2.3%），死亡病例出现在疫情的整个过程中。霍乱患者分离出的霍乱弧菌产生霍乱毒素，并且对多种抗生素耐药，不过未发现耐药质粒。接合实验表明，对多种抗生素的耐药性可能存在于一种可自我传递的遗传元件上。霍乱弧菌O1埃尔托生物型的环境来源包括污水、海水和地表水、淡水以及海鱼。疫情期间分离出的环境霍乱弧菌，除一株外，其余所有菌株均与同期从患者身上挑选出的菌株非常相似，这支持了这些环境来源在疾病传播中的作用。
