Graybiel A M
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1998 Jul-Sep;70(1-2):119-36. doi: 10.1006/nlme.1998.3843.
The basal ganglia have been shown to contribute to habit and stimulus-response (S-R) learning. These forms of learning have the property of slow acquisition and, in humans, can occur without conscious awareness. This paper proposes that one aspect of basal ganglia-based learning is the recoding of cortically derived information within the striatum. Modular corticostriatal projection patterns, demonstrated experimentally, are viewed as producing recoded templates suitable for the gradual selection of new input-output relations in cortico-basal ganglia loops. Recordings from striatal projection neurons and interneurons show that activity patterns in the striatum are modified gradually during the course of S-R learning. It is proposed that this recoding within the striatum can chunk the representations of motor and cognitive action sequences so that they can be implemented as performance units. This scheme generalizes Miller's notion of information chunking to action control. The formation and the efficient implementation of action chunks are viewed as being based on predictive signals. It is suggested that information chunking provides a mechanism for the acquisition and the expression of action repertoires that, without such information compression would be biologically unwieldy or difficult to implement. The learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia are thus seen as core features of the basal ganglia's influence on motor and cognitive pattern generators.
基底神经节已被证明有助于习惯和刺激-反应（S-R）学习。这些学习形式具有习得缓慢的特性，并且在人类中可以在无意识的情况下发生。本文提出，基于基底神经节的学习的一个方面是纹状体内对源自皮质的信息进行重新编码。实验证明的模块化皮质-纹状体投射模式，被视为产生适合在皮质-基底神经节回路中逐步选择新的输入-输出关系的重新编码模板。来自纹状体投射神经元和中间神经元的记录表明，在S-R学习过程中，纹状体中的活动模式会逐渐改变。有人提出，纹状体内的这种重新编码可以将运动和认知动作序列的表征进行组块，以便它们可以作为执行单元来实施。该方案将米勒的信息组块概念推广到动作控制。动作组块的形成和有效实施被视为基于预测信号。有人认为，信息组块为动作 repertoire 的习得和表达提供了一种机制，没有这种信息压缩，动作 repertoire 在生物学上将会很笨拙或难以实施。因此，基底神经节的学习和记忆功能被视为基底神经节对运动和认知模式发生器影响的核心特征。
